In 1785, Russia and the eastern Georgian kingdom of
Kartl-Kakheti (which was devastated by Turkish and Persian invasions) signed the
Treaty of Georgievsk,
according to which Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia. In
order to secure communications with Georgia and other regions of the
Transcaucasia, the Russian Empire began spreading its influence into the
Caucasus mountains. The current resistance to Russian rule has its
roots in the late 18th century (1785–1791), a period when Russia
expanded into territories formerly under the dominion of
Turkey and
Persia. The territories of Georgia and Chechnya were transferred to Russia by
Persia/
Iran as a result of the
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and the
Treaty of Gulistan. Under
Mansur Ushurma—a Chechen
Naqshbandi (
Sufi) Sheikh—with wavering support from other North Caucasian tribes. Mansur hoped to establish a
Transcaucasus Islamic state under
shari'a
law, but was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the
war he was wounded and captured, and for unknown reasons, died. Its
banner was again picked up by the
Avar Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 until 1859.
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